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Mr Bert Cunningham, you met the Prime Minister and the Minister
of finance at the Prime Minister's Office last Monday, what was
the tenor of the conversation?
-It was a very long meeting that lasted for over three hours convened
personally by Dr Navin Ramgoolam himself in the presence of Mr
Rama Sithanen. We spoke about the reasons of my forced departure
and some very big pending cases of fraud and corruption, the TV
thing and what I can foresee at the Customs and the Mauritius
Revenue Authority. For more than three hours I had given full
details of everything, of what was going on at the Customs, how
many hundreds of millions of rupees are involved in those big
cases that the Government of Mauritius needs to cash. My personal
security was as well discussed and I was very much impressed to
see the Prime Minister phoning the commissioner of Police requesting
him that all be done to have me fully secured here. I said thank
you and at least I know from there on that I will not go frozen.
Are you serious when you say that Dr Navin Ramggolam or his
Minister of Finance were not aware of those big cases?
The impression Dr Ramgoolam gave me was that he was not put into
the picture at all about all those very big cases. I call these
very big cases because there are big cases as well and petty cases
too. He was absolutely shocked when I gave him full details and
mentioned names as well. You know, since the setting up of the
Mauritius Revenue Authority, I am not allowed to communicate to
the Commissioner of Police directly, to the Prime Minister, the
Minister of Finance, the Financial Intelligence Unit, the Customs
authorities of the region, any Minister, any Permanent secretary
etc. The MRA has tied my hand, blindfolded me and glued my mouth.
This is where all the problems started.
And the Minister of Finance, what impression did he give you?
-He gave me the impression that he was not put into full picture
by his officers. He was more on a defensive side throughout that
very long meeting.
Do you think that there will be actions taken...
-Well, I have said all to both of them. They are fully aware of
the Web of mafia operating at the highest Government level, the
Caste Based Strategy and immediately, the Prime Minister requested
that the dossiers be on his table the next morning. From what
I have gathered, he is now in presence of all the files containing
these very big cases of fraud and corruption at the customs. He
gave me the impression that he is not happy about that. He showed
his anger. The ball is in his yard now. I have reasons to believe
that he is going to take the necessary steps against all these
fraudulent and corrupted people. The people involved in these
very big cases of fraud and corruption must be shivering now.
I know at least one very much involved in Horse Racing who is
shivering since I disclosed his name to the Prime mister in the
presence of the Minister of Finance. He must be very much scared.
Did Dr Navin Ramgoolam make any request to you to assist in
any way?
-Yes, he did and I guaranteed him that I will do the best I can
to help him and the Republic of Mauritius in anyway I can. I have
met various Ambassadors and diplomatic representatives since I
have been forced to leave my position at the Customs and I know
what I'm talking about. They are in permanent contact with me.
Coming back to your question, I am even ready to come back here
to help the country as a whole, but provided you guarantee my
security.
Would you agree to talk to us about these very big cases as
you say?
Yes. There's one involving some 7000 cases of whisky imported
from Scotland, one involving import of a container of cigarettes
from China, one involving drugs in Rodrigues, one involving import
of spare parts. The import of the bulk whisky is one of the biggest
cases amongst others. A bulk of whisky came from Scotland and
was, according to our inquiries and investigations, made with
the help of the British customs. We have all documents showing
bank transfers from the exporter in Scotland handed to us by UK
Customs. We had full support and assistance from the UK Customs
and some officers from UK came over in Mauritius to help us complete
our investigation. We came to the conclusion that this was a solid
case that needs to be referred to the police. The files were handed
over to the Police. The police did the job properly, sent the
files to the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. The
case has been going on for years. I was personally monitoring
it because we concluded that some Rs 300 millions were involved.
Then I never heard anything. This worried me and I inquired. You
know what I heard That prosecution will not be underway against
the importer not because of lack of evidence but for some other
reasons which was not given. I remembered them that the UK customs
was standby and prepared to come to depone in Court here. Three
months later, I ask for a review of the decision. The Customs
was only informed four months later that there were no prosecutions
against the importer. I got suspicious and asked for all the files
back to customs. You know what I was told? That all customs files
and documents were stolen. I reported this to the MRA. I have
never heard of any investigation since.
So they stopped your action?
-No. I still wrote to the Police and requested that all the files
and documents be sent back to the customs since there were no
intention to prosecute the importer. The police wrote to me and
said that upon advice they are not allowed to return back the
documents and files to the customs. So, no files, no, documents,
no evidence. Thus there was no way to ask for a judicial review.
And then?
-We started our own investigation at the customs. We obtained
from viable sources that corruption in this particular case involved
people working at the the legal levels, the Ministry of Finance
and the Prime Minister's Office. I'm not talking about the Prime
Minister nor the Minister of Finance, but of Top Executives and
some of whom are closely related to the importer. Then I could
understand why the importer has not been prosecuted. I reported
the corruption case in writing to the Director General of the
MRA, Mr Sudamo Lal. He sent my letter to the State Law's Office.
They did not even dare ask me what the allegations were. The State
Law office put in writing that there was no case against the importer.
Instead I was duly requested to release all the whisky to the
importer even though I re-opened the case and even though the
Judge's order was still valid, even though the UK Customs was
waiting and even though the allegation of corruption was there.
They instructed me to release the whisky. I did so under protest.
From what we can see, you were very much disappointed?
-Oh yes. Not only disappointed. I was angry, frustrated. Not only
me but all the officers and managers that worked on this particular
case. More so when I was told of what the rate of Duty and Tax
should be.
What was the rate of duty and tax charged?
-It is absolutely unbelievable. Under strict advice of the
State Law Office, we were requested to charge 50% less than what
the rate should be.
Another case that would be interesting for you to recall but
which you feel smells as bad as the whisky?
-Yes, the smuggling of cigarettes where a number of customs
officers were involved and interdicted by the Independent Commission
Against Corruption in 2002. These officers spent three years at
home with full pay. When the time came to prosecute, the DPP decided
that there were no criminal prosecutions, but only disciplinary
actions. The four officers were reintegrated and had promotions
later on. Yes, they were promoted. Still, when we inquired, we
were informed that draft charges to have disciplinary actions
against those officers were underway at the DPP's level.
And what was your reaction?
-I wrote to ICAC in order to have the necessary documents to take
actions. For two years following my letter, ICAC never responded
to me. At least three of these officers should have been criminally
charged. Then came the MRA in 2006. Drafts were prepared for disciplinary
actions to be taken. I sent these to the ministry of finance.
It's two years now since these drafts have been sent and yet no
disciplinary action has been taken. These officers are still working
for MRA. Disgusting.
One more case Mr Cunningham?
A Customs Broker, now a high member of an Association. He went
to China with a few customs officers in a case involving Smuggling
of cigarettes. We had good information about the transaction and
the matter after our investigations was referred to ICAC. There,
the broker
made a statement admitting full knowledge and participation in
the smuggling of cigarettes. When I saw the statement from ICAC,
I immediately recommended that his license be revoked. This was
sent to the Director General of the MRA. He asked for advice from
the State Law Office. He said we cannot abuse of our authority
even though the offence of smuggling has no time limit. They still
don't take his license away. His case has not been heard since
2001 or rather not yet been heard and we are now in 2008. The
worse is that none of the customs officers have been held accountable
and are still working at the MRA. The broker still holds a license
issued by the DG of the MRA.
Are there other more cases on which you would like to elaborate?
-Yes. The Drug traffic in Rodrigues where a custom officer was
involved. He left her place of duty on a particular day, drove
to the airport, met a man who arrived from Mauritius, was present
when the man presented himself at the Customs. An ADSU officer
was watching closely. He drove the man to a hotel and the ADSU
followed them. They took a room and after thirty minutes, the
ADSU officer broke the door. The custom officer was in the bathroom
and the man was in bed with the heroine. He was duly arrested,
jailed but passed way in the police cell the next day. Supposedly,
he died from overdose. No statement was ever taken from the custom
officer. The corpse was sent back immediately to Mauritius and
disposed very quickly. Despite my several requests the postmortem
report has never been disclosed. I got the information and set
off for Rodrigues after two days. I asked to the police why no
statement were taken from the the custom officer and they could
not answer. I personally wrote to the Chief Island Executive,
Mr Wong So and said to him that disciplinary action needs to be
taken against the Customs officers, but he refused. You know what
were his reasons: Rodrigues Establishment is the entity that pays
their salary and that we do not have any jurisdictions. So, under
those circusmtances, we could not take any action.
Was this case reported to the MRA?
-Of course. I reported it and strongly recommended that the
services of that custom officer is not hired. They did the contrary.
I wrote again to the MRA and protested. They did their own investigation
but he is still working in the Customs.
Now we would like you to talk about the case where an importer
of spare parts apparently beneficiated from a gratuity with your
approval. It has been alleged that some Rs 800 000 were involved.
Can you explain why?
-This is another issue was raised and used by some people in order
to harm me. In fact, we had the importer, a very young guy in
his early twenties who was caught by Customs. We had evidence
that he was defrauding. He was brought to my office and all that
happened in the presence of his lawyer. According to our evaluation,
he should have been charged for some Rs 1.6 million. We applied
the very maximum charge because we could deduce that he had a
lot of useful and important information which could help us. Eventually,
he said he could not afford that amount but was ready to give
a guarantee of Rs 800 000 and give solid evidence regarding five
other importers of spare parts. We said to his lawyer, we cannot
guarantee that he will have to pay only Rs 800 000 until we have
inquired into what he revealed and documents he gave us the very
next day he was caught. We investigated and caught three of those
five importers. Our strategy worked perfectly. They were fined
and we got much much more than expected. So we agreed with his
initial proposal and he gave a bank guarantee for Rs 800 000.
Now after some years, the original document was found to have
disappeared from our office and replaced by a very much professionally
scanned copy that you would say was the original document. We
investigated and found out that the original was handed over to
the importer against a bribe of Rs 120 000. The matter was referred
to the police. In the meantime at the car park of Jumbo in Phoenix,
the importer was in the presence of a police officer and the Customs
officer who had stolen the original bank guarantee document. The
latter stabbed the importer at the back and they left him to die
in the car park. Police investigated into the matter and the proper
punishment were applied. Now, to say that we gave a gratuity to
the importer is absolutely ridiculous. We, in fact, offered him
the opportunity to be punished less than what he should have been
under normal circumstances only because he was our informant.
The customs is not like ADSU and so we cannot give reward. So
we did something different and it worked. Did we do something
wrong when we all know that the information of that importer allowed
the account of the MRA be credited with millions of rupees? If
I have to use that device twenty times, I will without any hesitation.
Mr Cunningham, the MRA has cleared you regarding the TV thing
and stillyou had officers from ICAC at your office. You said that
they came to take statement from their new witness in that TV
thing. Could we know more about that?
-Yes. The accused is now the witness. A boomerang effect. You
know whilst they were taking my statement, I told them how come
that I was the last person to be interviewed by them and why they
allowed some radios and newspapers to tarnish my name here. You
know what they said: Mr Cunningham, this is the procedure. Oh!
Anyway, I have been asked by ICAC to explain that episode at the
airport, that pr the other truth will come out. Now, I can say
that truth has triumphed.
But, the MRA held a Press conference last Thursday and the
said that you were insubordinate, an outlaw, a destabilizing figure
who dared went to talk to the Minister of Finance?
-You talking about the MRA held a press conference, you should
rather say Mr Sudamo Lal and Mr Yip held a press conference. Ask
yourself why the other Directors were not present. Ask yourself
why the chairman of the MRA was not present when I was forced
to leave my position on that very Friday night. That's why they
said I did not resign and that they did not revoke me. But they
put a dagger under my neck and told me to sign the letter. They
said if you don't go, we will not publish the notice they had
already given me stating that I have committed no wrongdoing or
malpractice in the TV matter and that they will not pay me the
gratuity of US $ 33 000 the MRA retained since the TV inquiry
we started. Insubordinate, destabilization. This is nonsense Mr
Lal and Mr Yip. Do you know that I received a phone call from
a very Director of the MRA who told me that if I do not leave
Mauritius quickly, they cannot guarantee my security since very
important people are involved in the big fraud and corruption
cases I have brought to their attention. That's where started
my fears that I could go back to Canada frozen. A dead lie was
told to the press last Thursday. You now have a clear example
of how the MRA operates. Insubordinate, distabilising, outlaw.
Oh I can now understand why they wanted my head. What I have
done wrong? Reported cases to Mr. Sithanen. I did it and felt
it was my duty and my responsibility as a professional towards
the Republic of Mauritius to proceed that way, irrespective of
the attitude of the MRA against me. Today, I bear the consequences
of my action, but I believe in truth and honesty.
From what we have been able to gather, there was a conflict
between Mr Lal and yourself?
-Can I say the contrary? Right from the very start of the MRA,
I did not see any support. Instead all communications were centralised.
I was left with no power to act, with a petty cash of Rs 9000
only and with no budget. I was not allowed to hold any press conference
nor to give any interview. I was not allowe
From what we have been able to gather, there was a conflict
between Mr Lal and yourself?
-Can I say the contrary? Right from the very start of the MRA,
I did not see any support. Instead all communications were centralised.
I was left with no power to act, with a petty cash of Rs 9000
only and with no budget. I was not allowed to hold any press conference
nor to give any interview. I was not allowed to communicate to
the the persons at the head of major authorties here. This is
fundamentally wrong. They completely tied me. Never in my life
had I seen such centralised bureaucracy. Since MRA came, the customs
department has never been allowed to integrate the MRA. In two
years, the Director General came to the Customs only once and
to my invitation. Can you imagine that Mr Lal has never dared
pay a visit to the new Customs house due to be handed over to
the Customs next month. All my staff who used to work into the
fraud and corruption cases were transferred. When there was that
big inquiry into Horse racing, so many funny things happened.
We have in front of us a Bert Cunningham very much frustrated?
-My frustration is due to many reasons. I have worked for some
eight Revenue authorities in this region and I don't think that
Mr Lall has my experience nor any other member of the Board.
In two years, I have had to operate with a part time personel
officer and his office is located far from the customs building
in Port-Louis. Today, many of the 13 Directors who worked with
me do not have the necessary staff. I can recall that many of
the Senior Post at the MRA have not yet been filled. Can you
imagine that the MRA does not care for training. Never throughout
my career have I seen such a poorly run organization. Go and ask
the Senior managers at customs whether their department is fully
supported by the MRA. I have presented some 55 projects of reforms
and yet not once has the MRA asked me to give them one explanation.
You have also been criticised after your meeting with Mr Rama
Sithanen?
-Yes. In mid December 2007, I raised all these things with Mr
Sithanen. I came back form vacation and I was asked to attend
a meeting by the MRA Board where I was criticized for having talked
to Mr Sithanen with whom I raised many fraud and corruption cases
that, according to me and my managers, have not been properly
dealt with by the MRA. The MRA Board reprimanded me. Then, I told
Mr Lal that if ever those cases were exposed, he will lose his
job. He did not take my advice and paradoxally I have lost my
job. The MRA shoot the messenger. If you call my action insubordination
when I went to the Minister of Finance to tell him what was going
on, then I am guilty of charge. I met the Minister of Finance
because from my twenty years of experience in this region, I am
of the opinion that its critical that these fundamental problems
be seriously dealt with.
Have you ever made any recommendation to the Director General
of the MRA?
-Yes. I recommended that if the MRA could not properly support
Customs, then Customs should be seperated from the MRA. I think
that's the best solution. I do not see things improving. Instead
of the MRA helping and facilitating Customs Reforms and the modernization
program, it made all this impossible. Personally I deeply regret
to have suggested that the MRA be created. I wish I never ever
made that recommendation to the Governement here at least from
a Customs perspective. With the idea of having Mauritius a Duty
Free Island, there are little reasons for Customs to be part of
the MRA. This is my humble opinion. So if the Government wants
to have customs out of MRA, invite me back. I would rather suggest
that Customs should be joined with Immigration, Coast Guard and
the border Control Sections of Health, Agriculture and Fisheries.
This is the trend in many developed countries. We call it Single
Border Agency.
Mr Lal and Mr Yip also raised the issue of declaration of assets
of the MRA personnel. They did not hesitate to criticize you on
that issue as well. How do you see their critics?
-Must I laugh or rather say that I respect the opinion of those
who say that even though an officer has been involved in drugs,
in fraud, in massive corruption in the past, who has made fortunes
should still work at the MRA because the MRA is not interested
at all with what happened before it was instituted? In brief,
MRA gives an amnesty on any ill-gotten act. I wrote to the MRA
when staff was being recruited to say please be very careful about
some officers when they recruit. Yet, not one of the officers
I have reported for fraud and corruption have ever been requested
to explain their wealth by the Internal Affairs of the MRA. Not
one involved in fraud and corruption cases have been asked to
give explanations by the MRA. I have sent dozens of cases but
they are working at the very MRA. Any manager worth his salt would
have thrown up his arms and left long time ago. There's no leadership
in the MRA. Call me insubordinate. No one has ever brought me
here to have blindfolds put on me and handcuffs in my hands. When
I see fraud and corruption cases not being dealt with, I am not
that kind of guy who can conform working in an imperfect system
and find administrative solutions to major fraud and corruption
cases. From an advertisement in the newspapers these days, it
is clear that they are looking for someone that is able to work
in an imperfect system and turn a blind eye to fraud and corruption.
Good luck to them and to Mauritius.
Dr Thierry Michaud-Nérard :
"On peut guérir de l'alcoolisme et de la toxicomanie"
A l'invitation d'Etoile d'Espérance et d'autres ONG
mauriciennes engagées dans la réinsertion des alcooliques
et des toxicomanes, le Dr Thierry Michaud-Nérad et MM Yanick
Gazar et Jean-Yves Hoareau de l'Association de Criminologie et
de Médecine Légale et de l'Association Développement
et Santé de la Réunion ont effectué un bref
séjour à Maurice. Ils ont animé une session
de formation destinée aux animateurs des ONG mauriciennes.
Notre invité de ce dimanche est le Dr Thierry Michaud-Nérard.
Qui êtes-vous docteur Michaud-Nérard ?
Je suis médecin français responsable à St-Pierre
de la Réunion du département psychologie de l'enfant
et de l'adolescent. Il s'agit de prendre en charge toutes les
difficultés comportementales de l'enfant sur l'arrondissement
de St-Pierre, de la naissance jusqu'à l'âge de seize
ans. Mais nous pouvons également nous occuper des enfants
et des familles qui sont en dehors de la région de St-Pierre.
D'autres structures semblables existent dans d'autres régions
de la Réunion, il sont cinq en tout. Mais tout le monde
ne fait pas la même chose puisque j'ai des collègues
qui se limitent à ce que nous devons faire et non pas en
ajoutant ce que nous pouvons faire.
Que devrait faire un psychiatre : se cantonner à ce
qu'on lui demande de faire par les règlements ou aller
au-delà des limitations imposées pour guérir
son patient ?
Par principe et même s'il travaille en équipe, un
médecin est très individualiste et n'accepte pas
les injonctions, les conseils et les directions. Donc, chaque
médecin ne s'autorise que ce qu'il veut bien s'autoriser
lui-même...
...ce qui justifie le fait que certains médecins finissent
par se prendre pour Dieu ?
Je suppose que vous parlez plus de la volonté de pouvoir
que de dimension spirituelle. Effectivement, le pouvoir médical
n'est pas superposable au pouvoir thérapeutique, c'est
sans doute pourquoi on voit des médecins faire de la politique
et s'engager dans certaines directions qui sont loin des voies
du dévouement pour les malades. Il y a toujours eu des
médecins, des aides soignantes et des travailleurs sociaux
qui vont plus loin que ce qu'on leur demande et d'autres qui se
sont astreints au minimum. La vie humaine est, on le sait, variée.
Vous vous êtes également occupé des problèmes
de toxicomanie.
Après avoir fait de la psychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence
; de le médecine légale et de la psychiatrie médico-légale,
j'ai été confronté, en faisant de la médecine
pénitentiaire, à une grave interrogation : pourquoi
un certain nombre de "personnes" qui souffrent de conduites
alcooliques et toxicomaniaques relèvent-elles de la psychiatrie
alors qu'ils ne souffrent pas de troubles mentaux ? J'ai été
étonné de voir un certain nombre de psychiatres
qui considéraient que les délinquants sont des malades
mentaux qui s'ignorent, alors que certains ont des troubles psychologiques
et d'autres pas. Je considère que l'objectif du travail
en toxicomanie est d'aborder la personne en difficulté
avec l'alcool et les drogues, non pas comme un malade mental,
mais comme quelqu'un qui est en butte à un comportement
spécifique. Les psychiatres doivent se former en conséquence
puisque la psychiatrie est inefficace dans l'alcoolisme et la
toxicomanie et je crois qu'aucun médecin au monde n'a guéri
un alcoolique ou un toxicomane à l'hôpital. Les médecins
ont appris à soigner les maladies, plus précisément,
les conséquences découlant de l'alcoolisme et de
la toxicomanie, mais ne connaissent pas grand-chose au fonctionnement
propre de la maladie alcoolique.
Question logique après ce que vous venez de dire : qu'est-ce
que LA maladie alcoolique ?
J'utiliserai pour répondre à cette question la définition
des Alcooliques Anonymes : c'est la dépendance à
l'alcool. Soit la perte de la liberté de s'abstenir de
boire et notre programme de soins consiste à permettre
au malade de retrouver cette liberté. Nous avons des "qualifications"
pour les différents stades de l'alcoolisme : les bocs,
qui sont des buveurs occasionnels qui consomment de l'alcool une
ou deux fois par an. C'est le buveur occasionnel pour qui l'alcool
n'a pas de place dans sa vie, c'est l'exception qui représente
10% des gens en France. Il y a ensuite, à 75%, des bars
: ce sont les buveurs à risque, qui sont incapables de
contrôler leur consommation d'alcool. Quand ils ont bu trois
verres, il ne s'estiment pas satisfaits avant d'en avoir bu cinq,
ou le double, mais ils ne sont pas obligés de boire pour
survivre. Ces buveurs à risque peuvent bénéficier
de programmes pour l'abstinence et peuvent se soigner, se rétablir.
Ce qui n'est pas le cas de la troisième et dernière
catégorie : les bads, le buveur alcolo dépendant.
Le destin du buveur alcolo dépendant, c'est l'hôpital,
la prison, le dénuement total et le cimetière. Le
nombre de buveurs alcolo dépendant est pratiquement toujours
le même parce que ceux qui meurent sont remplacés
par les buveurs à risque qui changent de catégorie.
C'est pour cette raison que la campagne de sensibilisation doit
être faite pour toucher les buveurs à risques. Dernier
point : les buveurs à risques sont convaincus, veulent
croire et affirment haut et fort qu'ils ne sont que des buveurs
occasionnels. Donc, 75% des buveurs voudraient faire partie de
la première catégorie mentionnée tout à
l'heure.
La frontière entre les différents catégories
est-elle mince ou épaisse ?
Pardonnez-moi le jeu de mots, tout à fait de circonstance.
Cette frontière est très mince, comme le delirium
tremens.
Quelle est la situation de l'alcoolisme à la Réunion
?
Elle est comme celle de la France, qui est un pays alcoolique.
Je ne mets pas l'accent sur les gens, mais sur la situation économique
du pays. La France est un pays alcoolique avec des élus
et même un président qui l'était. Dans un
tel contexte, il est impossible de faire des lois contre l'alcool
d'autant plus que la France est le premier pays producteur et
consommateur de vin au monde. L'hypocrisie consiste à faire
des campagnes sur le thème "l'abus d'alcool est
dangereux", alors que c'est l'alcool lui-même qui
est dangereux. Cette campagne ne dit pas que la faute est dans
le produit, mais chez le consommateur. Donc, on fait porter la
faute à la victime, ce qui est totalement inexact : ce
n'est pas le consommateur qui tombe dans la dépendance,
c'est l'alcool qui le rend esclave.
La situation est-elle la même à la Réunion,
île tropicale fabriquant du rhum à partir de la canne
à sucre ?
J'ai travaillé dans des départements en France,
producteurs de vin, où la situation est pire qu'à
la Réunion. Dans le beaujolais par exemple...
...question directe Dr Michaud Nérard : vous parlez
avec beaucoup d'assurance des maux provoqués par l'alcool.
Avez-vous déjà pris une cuite dans votre vie ?
Oui, cela m'est déjà arrivé. La première
fois, cela s'est passé au cours d'un anniversaire alors
que j'étais encore pré-adolescent. Cela a fait rire
toute ma famille, mais personne n'a mesuré la gravité
de mon comportement. Et puis, dans les rencontres entre médecins
et laboratoires pharmaceutiques - pour faire vendre les médicaments
-, il m'est arrivé de participer à des festins où
je me suis retrouvé en état d'ivresse. Ce à
quoi j'ai renoncé définitivement depuis plusieurs
années. Je reviens à la question : la situation
à la Réunion n'est pas moins pire que dans celle
de certains départements français avec des familles
qui souffrent, à travers certains de leurs membres, de
tous les conséquences de l'alcoolisme. Car on ne le souligne
pas assez : il suffit qu'un membre soit alcoolique pour que toute
la famille en subisse les conséquences sociales, physiques
et médicales et vive le drame quotidien. Il y a cependant
un avantage dans ce domaine à la Réunion où
il y a plus de secours familiaux pour les alcooliques qu'en France,
et c'est extraordinaire. Cela veut dire qu'il existe plus de soutien
pour la réinsertion à la Réunion qu'en France.
Et j'aimerais souligner qu'il existe à la Réunion
un soutien spirituel grâce à l'engagement des familles
dans les différentes religions. Cela n'existe pas en France
où l'on croit que l'homme doit trouver le sens de sa vie
dans le progrès, la consommation...
...c'est un autre débat...
...pas du tout. Parce que cette croyance dans le progrès,
la consommation fait que les familles en France se détournent
du spirituel et ne peuvent pas aider les malades alcoolo dépendant.
A la Réunion, on a encore cette spiritualité familiale
qui permet de mieux soutenir la personne malade d'alcool.
Vous êtes ici dans le cadre d'un séminaire de
formation pour les animateurs d'ONG travaillant sur l'alcoolisme
et la toxicomanie. A travers le regard des animateurs que vous
avez rencontrés, avez-vous une idée de la situation
de l'alcoolisme et de la toxicomanie à Maurice ?
Nous avons été reçus, mes camarades et moi,
dans divers centres mauriciens où nous avons rencontré
des résidents et leurs familles. J'ai été
frappé par la profonde misère sociale des gens que
j'ai rencontrés, une misère qui cohabite avec, je
dirais, une absence de misère morale. Je veux dire que
plus les gens - que j'ai rencontrés - s'enfoncent dans
la misère sociale, plus j'ai vu la solidarité s'organiser
autour d'eux et non pas l'égoïsme. Je suis admiratif
du travail remarquable que font les ONG engagées contre
l'alcoolisme et la toxicomanie à Maurice. J'ai vu les animateurs
demandeurs de formation pour pouvoir aller plus loin s'accrocher
pour faire leur travail et je me demande comment ils font pour
protéger leur vie intérieure face aux situations
catastrophiques qu'ils côtoient journellement. Nous, en
tant que formateurs, sommes là pour essayer de mettre un
peu de baume sur les curs de ces gens-là et leur
proposer des techniques de formation.
Vous parliez tout à l'heure de l'existence d'une forme
de spiritualité dans les familles à la Réunion
qui peut aider à la réinsertion de l'alcoolique.
Est-ce également le cas à Maurice?
C'est le cas.
Avec la même intensité ?
De manière encore plus intense ici. Au point que je suis
stupéfait de la force spirituelle des gens et des familles
que j'ai rencontrés. Je n'ai pas vu des malades Mauriciens
qui ont des moyens financiers. Ils doivent, comme les riches malades
de la Réunion et de France, se faire soigner discrètement
dans des cliniques top niveau. Mais les associations réunionnaises
que je représente avec mes camarades n'ont pas été
créées pour soigner des gens aisés, mais
pour venir en aide à ceux qu'on ne veut pas et qu'on ne
sait pas s'occuper.
Quelle est la principale préoccupation des animateurs
mauriciens que vous avez rencontrés ?
La première, c'est la cohérence des différents
centres dans leurs projets de soin. J'ai ressenti une volonté
d'harmoniser les programmes de soin dans la réhabilitation
par l'abstinence. Il y a une volonté de se repositionner
et de confronter cette cohérence pour que les autorités
puissent bien percevoir la nature du soin qui est proposé
: retrouver une vie en sortant du programme en complémentarité
avec le plan méthadone.
Parlons-en de cette méthadone dont le programme de distribution
mis en place à Maurice a fait couler pas mal d'encre.
La méthadone n'est pas un traitement contre la toxicomanie.
C'est un opiacé, un dérivé de l'opium. Le
programme méthodone est une technique mise au point pour
éviter que les drogués ne s'empoisonnent avec les
seringues et ne distillent le virus du VIH dans la population.
Certains ont dit que le programme méthadone, c'est remplacer
une drogue par une autre ?
Ce n'était pas le but à l'origine. Le but du programme
méthodone était une solution provisoire pour éviter
les seringues pouvant transmettre le virus du VIH.
Je me suis laissé dire que vous n'êtes pas partisan
du programme de distribution de la méthadone ?
Vous savez, je suis médecin, psychiatre, médecin
légiste, criminologue et cela fait fait longtemps que je
ne suis ni pour ni contre quelque chose. Je pense que la méthodone
est une réalité, un mode, répond à
des besoins et n'est surtout qu'un substitut provisoire devant
notre ignorance des problèmes de la drogue...
...c'est un substitut efficace ?
C'est un substitut provisoirement efficace, comme les antibiotiques
qui ne peuvent pas être utilisés pendant trop longtemps
parce que l'organisme humain développe rapidement des résistances.
Le programme méthadone à Maurice date de 2006 et
il n'y a encore aucune évaluation et des résistances
sont à prévoir, tôt ou tard. La médecine
n'est pas suffisamment approfondie dans le domaine de la drogue.
On étudie le cancer et les autres maladies, mais on est
très en retard sur la recherche de produits pouvant guérir
de l'alcoolisme ou de la drogue.
J'insiste docteur : faut-il poursuivre le programme de distribution
de la méthadone ?
La méthadone est une réalité. Les médecins
ont eu très longtemps peur de la toxicomanie et l'ont ignorée.
Et puis, un moment, un certain nombre de médecins ont cru
en utilisant de la méthadone être devenus des spécialistes
de la toxicomanie. C'est pour moi la plus grave erreur scientifique
que l'on puisse faire. Nous avons eu ici des échanges avec
des gens qui ont envie de travailler sérieusement dans
le programme méthadone et se posent de vraies questions
sur son volet social. Mais je le redis : la méthadone est
un substitut qui est provisoirement efficace.
Un mot sur un autre produit pharmaceutique très à
la mode à Maurice ces jours-ci : le Subutex ?
C'est un produit très à la mode surtout pour l'enrichissement
de ceux qui peuvent le commercialiser. Surtout quand on peut passer
les douanes avec des cargaisons de ce produit sans difficultés.
Plus sérieusement, le Subutex est surtout un médicament
détourné de son usage de plus en plus utilisé
par voie injectable non pas comme un produit de substitution,
mais comme une drogue. Ceux qui importent du Subutex ne le font
pas pour l'utiliser comme produit de substitution, mais pour faire
de la consommation toxique. C'est du commerce, pas de la thérapie.
Revenons à l'alcoolisme : vous insistez sur la nécessité
de la volonté pour s'en sortir. Mais quand on est alcoolique
a-t-on encore de le volonté ?
Vous connaissez la règle : toi seul peut t'en sortir, mais
tu ne peux pas t'en sortir seul, que ce soit l'alcool ou la drogue.
Le problème, c'est que dans la dépendance, le malade
a perdu la liberté de s'abstenir de l'alcool ou de la drogue
et qu'il a besoin d'une prise de conscience pour y parvenir. Il
croit qu'il peut s'arrêter quand il veut, boit juste ce
qu'il faut, mais est souvent malade comme un chien. Il faut tomber
bien bas, toucher le fond pour pouvoir remonter. Vous savez, l'alcool
est un solvant extraordinaire qui dissout tout. La famille, la
femme ou le mari finissent par s'en aller, les enfants aussi.
Le travail est perdu, le compte en banque est ramené à
zéro, comme la santé et le sens moral. Le malade
prend des risques d'êttre jeté en prison puisqu'il
aura trafiqué pour pouvoir boire "juste". C'est
quand on est au bout du rouleau que l'on peut commencer à
admettre qu'il est temps d'arrêter.
Y parvient-on jamais ?
Beaucoup l'ont fait. Beaucoup d'animateurs des centres sont des
ex- malades qui ont non seulement remonté la pente, mais
aident les autres à s'en sortir grâce au programme
d'aide à l'abstinence, que nous avons adopté. C'est
un programme performant, le projet italien Homme qui dure
trois ans, amène le malade à vivre au sein d'une
communauté où il passe du stade de patient à
celui de parrain des nouveaux-venus avant d'arriver au stade de
la réinsertion sociale.
Combien de temps faut-il pour s'en sortir ?
Il faut dix ans pour tomber complètement dans l'alcool,
la moitié pour tomber dans les drogues qui sont de plus
en plus sophistiquées. Mais il faut au moins dix ans, dans
les deux cas, pour s'en sortir. Et c'est possible puisqu'à
Maurice, il existe également une société
civile très active et un secteur privé très
engagé dans le sponsoring de ce genre de projets.
On peut donc dire aux parents des malades qui liront cet interview
que l'espoir est permis ?
La pire chose que l'on puisse faire à un malade mental,
un alcoolique ou un toxicomane, c'est de lui supprimer tout espoir
de guérison. Beaucoup de maladies sont inconnues au point
où on ne sait pas les traiter, les guérir. Donc,
on met des gens dans les hôpitaux parfois pour de très
longues périodes pour voir comment ça va évoluer.
L'université nous apprend à nous, psychiatres, à
soigner des gens dont on devrait savoir qu'ils n'ont aucun espoir
de guérison. On dit parfois qu'on ne peut guérir
de l'alcoolisme et la toxicomanie. Nous avons des exemples prouvant
le contraire. Nous sommes ici, avec nos amis Mauriciens, pour
faire reculer notre ignorance et, parfois, notre indifférence
par rapport à la souffrance des gens. Il y a deux choses
que nous ne pouvons faire reculer : la bêtise et la méchanceté.
Nous devons accepter qu'il existe dans les organismes des gens
qui sont hostiles à ce que nous faisons ou refusent de
comprendre. Nous ne pourrons pas les changer, donc, nous agissons
sur le recul de l'ignorance et de l'indifférence grâce
au développement des connaissances, le soutien des volontaires
et l'engagement des malades. Oui, l'espoir est permis.